UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Dioecy occurs in only about 6% of angiosperms, yet it has evolved many times from hermaphroditism. Polygamy is an even more uncommon condition within angiosperms, in which both unisexual and bisexual flowers occur within a species. Polygamy, dioecy, and hermaphroditism all occur within a New World clade of Galium (Rubiaceae), in which dioecy is hypothesized to...

In animal farming, anthelmintics are regularly applied to control gastrointestinal nematodes. There is plenty of evidence that also non-target organisms, such as dung beetles, are negatively affected by residues of anthelmintics in faeces of domestic ungulates. By contrast, knowledge about possible effects on wild plants is scarce. To bridge this gap of knowledge, we tested for effects of the c...

Invasion of alien species is one the main drivers land degradation threatening both natural and managed ecosystems. Ecological restoration crucial in controlling invasion to improve biotic resistance avoid further degradation. We investigated possibility establishment invasive (IAS) by native seed addition. tested if trait similarity or increased propagule pressure results suppression IAS at ea...

Globally, chronic nitrogen (N) deposition into terrestrial ecosystems has resulted in changes community composition, depending on the responses of co-existing species to increasing soil N availability. The levels plant non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) produced by photosynthesis are associated with leaf content, and together they represent capital a for its life including competitive ability....