1. introduction early frost in the autumn and late spring frost are the most common disasters related to the huge agricultural damages in west azerbaijan province. among 39 natural disasters in the world, 7 dominant disasters occur in this region and the frost has the first rank regarding the damage to the public sector and insurance industry in recent years. based on several reports, early spr...

The timing of life history traits is central to lifetime fitness and nowhere is this more evident or well studied as in the phenology of flowering in governing plant reproductive success. Recent changes in the timing of environmental events attributable to climate change, such as the date of snowmelt at high altitudes, which initiates the growing season, have had important repercussions for som...

Foliar frost resistance of three endemic New Zealand land trees, Nothofagus menziesii (Hook. f.) Oerst. (Fagaceae), Pittosporum eugenioides A. Cunn. (Pittosporaceae) and Griselinia littoralis Forst. f. (Cornaceae), was examined as the trees hardened from late summer to midwinter in a lowland forest site. The lowest temperatures causing 50% damage (LT(50)) occurred in late winter and were simila...

Anurag A. Agrawal,* Jeffrey K. Conner and John R. Stinchcombe Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2 Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 3700 East Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Box G-W, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912,...

Trees are sensitive to extreme weather and environmental conditions. This sensitivity is visible in tree-ring widths and cell structure. In our study, we hypothesized that the sudden frost noted at the beginning of May in both 2007 and 2011 affected cambial activity and, consequently, the number and size of vessels in the tree rings. It was decided to test this hypothesis after damage to leaves...