there is a new technique to measure total body water named bio-electrical impedance analysis (bia), used in healthy subjects and patients. bia determines the total body water (tbw), fat-free mass (ffm), body cell mass (bcm), extra cellular water (ecw), and intra cellular water (icw) in subjects without significant fluid and electrolyte imbalance. there are several methods such as segmental bia,...

Preferential flow in biological soil structures is of key importance for infiltration and soil water flow at a range of scales. In the present study, we treat soil water flow as a dissipative process in an open non-equilibrium thermodynamic system, to better understand this key process. We define the chemical potential and Helmholtz free energy based on soil physical quantities, parametrize a p...

The molecular code of specific DNA recognition by proteins as a paradigm in molecular biology remains an unsolved puzzle primarily because of the subtle interplay between direct protein-DNA interaction and the indirect contribution from water and ions. Transformation of the nonspecific, low affinity complex to a specific, high affinity complex is accompanied by the release of interfacial water ...

Biomolecular folding, at least in simple systems, can be described as a two state transition in a free energy landscape with two deep wells separated by a high barrier. Transition paths are the short part of the trajectories that cross the barrier. Average transition path times and, recently, their full probability distribution have been measured for several biomolecular systems, e.g., in the f...

Proteins that bind intracellularly are surrounded by other macromolecules. Macromolecular crowding has been shown to impact protein folding and binding, but its effects on the electrostatics of protein binding have not been thoroughly studied. Two ways crowding can affect binding are via loss of water mobility and water depletion. Crowding causes loss of water mobility because more water molecu...

‎The water wave generation by wave paddle and a freely falling rigid body are examined by using an Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH)‎. ‎In the current ISPH method‎, ‎the pressure was evaluated by solving pressure Poisson equation using a semi-implicit algorithm based on the projection scheme and the source term of pressure Poisson equation contains both of divergence free ve...

This paper analyzes South Africa’s Free Basic Water Policy, under which households receive a free water allowance equal to the World Health Organization’s recommended minimum of 6 kiloliters per month. I structurally estimate residential water demand, evaluate the welfare e¤ects of free water, and provide optimal price schedules derived from a social planner’s problem. I use a unique dataset of...

background: chronic arsenic toxicity (arsenicosis) due to drinking of arsenic contaminated ground water is a global problem. however, its treatment is unsatisfactory. methylation of arsenic facilitates its urinary excretion. persons with relatively lower proportion of urinary dimethyl arsenic acid (dma) are found to have at greater risk of developing symptoms of arsenicosis including its compli...