Abstract The compatibility of the Gaia hypothesis with Darwinism is often challenged on grounds that 1) to be potent, natural selection requires existence a population (whereas single entity), and 2) entities forming reproduce (while merely persists). However, using Price equation, I argue, following others, can fit squarely within Darwinian framework because exhibit adaptations if process at l...

A more detailed formalization of part of the QSIM framework has been found to be useful. That formalization is presented here in brief. The new formalization makes it easier to make and prove some useful statements. The formalization of temporal reasoning about continuous systems 7] and the precise deenition of completeness are examples of the usefulness of this formalization.

Whether Marx’s economics and Marxist political economy can be formalized using mathematics is a controversial divisive issue. From studying the text of Capital its manuscripts, it emerges that research on capitalist mode production involves application mathematical methods. Marx creates set symbols related to social capitalism, basis constructs an economic model corresponding his theoretical an...