Forging is a manufacturing process that consists of shaping the metal using localized compression forces. The blows are delivered with a hammer (often an electric hammer) or a die. In this paper, different methods of forging (multi-directional forging, hot forging, near-beta forging, multi-axial forging, direct powder forging, warm forging and ring forging) are discussed. The main problems that...

Three important parameters in designing a closed die for forging process are ratio of width to flash thickness, ratio of  height to billet diameter and the friction factor. In this paper the influences of these parameters on the required force for the forging and percentage of die filling were investigated. It was found that by controlling the flash dimension, the material loss is reduced and t...

There are a wide range of physical defects which occur during metal forming processes. These defects, which may occur on the surface or be internal, are undesirable not only because of the surface appearance, but because they may adversely affect the strength, formability and other manufacturing characteristics of the material. Some physical defects in metal forming processes such as rolling an...

The Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA) is of major importance for the design and improvement of forging processes. In this field, FEA is traditionally used to predict die fill, residual stresses and forming forces. The intention of the work presented in this paper is the development of an advanced simulation model for the description of phase transformation processes in forging dies based on FEA. Th...

In warm and hot forging, the dies are subjected to high contact pressures and temperatures. The selection of the die material, hardness and coating is critical for increasing die life. Recent studies indicate that ceramic dies and various surface treatment techniques represent, in certain applications, cost effective techniques for improving die life. This paper reviews the state of technology ...

Forging dies at high temperatures are under contact pressure, variable mechanical loads and thermal shock, furthermore they should withstand wear and friction in a high level. So, in order to increase die life, the selection of die material, coating and hardness is essential. In this review, various methods used for die life enhancement such as carbide coating, using the super alloy stellite 6 ...

Recent evolutions on forging process induce more complex shape on forging die. These evolutions, combined with High Speed Machining (HSM) process of forging die lead to important increase in time for machining preparation. In this context, an original approach for generating machining process based on machining knowledge is proposed in this paper. The core of this approach is to decompose a CAD...

Initial location of the billet and the shape of die have an important effect on parameters of precision forging. Some of these effects are the contact stresses, material flow, distribution of stress, and also strain. In the present study, the die shape influences and the billet position in precision forging of two different shape groups have numerically and experimentally been investigated. Res...