this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sowing densities and nitrogen fertilizer rates on quantitative and qualitative corn forage yield in an agroforestry system with orange trees. the treatments consisted of 4 nitrogen fertilizer levels of 0, 100, 200, and 300kg n/ha (allocated to main plots) and 4 sowing densities of 80000, 110000, 140000 and 170000 of corn seeds (...

Fuel-reduction/forest restoration treatments that consist of thinning followed by prescribed burning are becoming increasingly important land management actions that likely affect various wildlife species. To assess potential effects on bark-gleaning birds, we compared the foraging patterns of five cavity-nesting species in thinned and burned ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest sites and co...

Associational effects, that is, the influence of neighboring plants on herbivory suffered by a plant, are an outcome of forage selection. Although forage selection is a hierarchical process, few studies have investigated associational effects at multiple spatial scales. Because the nutritional quality of plants can be spatially structured, it might differently influence associational effects ac...

Silvopasture, the combination of trees, forage, and livestock, is a management practice that gaining interest throughout southeastern U.S. This research analyzed hay-based alley cropping field trial transitioning into silvopasture system. We planted four different tree spacings—2.4 × 2.4 m, 3.0 1.8 m (8 8 ft, 10 10ft, 6 ft)—of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) used secondary data for possible plan...

Lignin is an essential structural component of all land plants. It fills spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Lignin provides the strength to plants from giant Sequoia trees to alfalfa growing in hay fields. A good analogy is that lignin is like the steel reinforcing rods in concrete. Life on earth would not be possible without lignin to allow plants to grow upr...

Silvopasture is an agroforestry practice that combines trees, forage, and livestock in intensively managed system. We surveyed landowners natural resources professionals Minnesota to determine their perceptions of silvopasture. Although most respondents had heard silvopasture, few knew a lot about it. concluded there need for more educational programming expands the knowledge provides technical...

Apis cerana became a common species for beekeeping activities in Indonesia. The sustainability of depended on the availability feeds forests with various plant species, which served as honey bee forage. Therefore, this study aimed to determine forage diversity A. Wanagama Education Forest, Gunungkidul, from November 2018 April 2019. Data collection was done through inventory trees and understor...

Many species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles use coarse woody debris (i.e., standing and downed dead wood) for nesting, roosting, foraging, and shelter. Woodpeckers depend on decayed wood to excavate nest and roost cavities in standing trees. Secondary cavity nesters then claim the abandoned cavities for their nesting or roosting. Many of the woodpeckers and secondary cavity nesters...