We examine how transmission congestion alters the environmental benefits provided by renewable generation. Using hourly data from Texas and midcontinent electricity markets, we find that relaxing constraints between wind-rich areas demand centers of respective markets conservatively increases nonmarket value wind 30 percent for 17 markets. Much this increase in arises a redistribution where air...

This study examines the effect of a tightening US air quality standard for lead in 2009 on relocation battery recycling to Mexico and infant health Mexico. In United States, airborne dropped sharply near affected plants, most which were battery-recycling plants. Exports used batteries rose markedly. Mexico, production increased at plants relative comparable industries, birth outcomes deteriorat...

The Acid Rain Program (ARP) cut sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions from power plants in the United States, with considerable benefits. We show this also reduced ambient sulfate levels, which lowered agriculture productivity through decreased soil sulfur. Using plant-level SO and an atmospheric transport model, we estimate relationship between airborne levels yields for corn soybeans. crop revenue...

(1) Let F , F1, F2 be finite sequences of elements of R and given r1, r2. If F1 = 〈r1〉 F or F1 = F a 〈r1〉 and if F2 = 〈r2〉 F or F2 = F a 〈r2〉, then ∑(F1−F2) = r1− r2. (2) Let F1, F2 be finite sequences of elements of R. If lenF1 = lenF2, then len(F1 +F2) = lenF1 and len(F1−F2) = lenF1 and ∑(F1 +F2) = ∑F1 +∑F2 and ∑(F1−F2) = ∑F1−∑F2. (3) Let F1, F2 be finite sequences of elements of R. If lenF1 ...

We conduct an empirical analysis of the technical efficiency of cars sold in Germany in 2010. The analysis is performed using traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) as well as directional distance functions (DDF). The approach of DDF allows incorporating the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions as an environmental goal in the efficiency analysis. A frontier separation approach is used to ...

In the past 10–15 years, innovations in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have fueled a boom in the production of natural gas from geological formations that were previously unprofitable. The rapid deployment of fracking has been accompanied by concerns about negative externalities. In response, a regulatory regime has emerged that requires disclosure of chemical additives, but prese...

Environmental crimes are unauthorized acts against the environment that are subject to criminal prosecution and sanction. While their deterrence e¤ect is largely unknown, policy is moving rapidly towards strengthening the role of criminal sanctioning in the context of environmental crime. This paper provides new evidence on the e¤ects of the use of criminal sanctions in environmental policy mak...