one of the economic problems in the developing countries is the debt problem. external debt occurs in the developing countries due to the elimination of the restrictions on the savings gap, the foreign exchange gap, and the fiscal gap in order to form the capital to accelerate the economic growth (karakoy et al., 2012, p. 491). in contrast, borrowing and rising the external debt could be little...

Currency crises that coincide with banking crises tend to share at least three elements. First, banks have a currency mismatch between their assets and liabilities. Second, banks do not completely hedge the associated exchange rate risk. Third, there are implicit government guarantees to banks and their foreign creditors. This paper argues that the "rst two features arise from banks' optimal re...

In this paper we study some aspects of North Korean economy through her import behavior. We have found that for North Korean economy some non-market factors are important determinants of the import behavior. Those non-market factors are the country’s political situations, its political relation with two communist superpowers, and its relation with the Western industrialized countries especially...

Assets, debts and other financial products issued by emerging countries are usually considered more speculative than those issued by developed economies. Therefore, relying on traditional rating agencies to invest in these countries is problematic as the information used to assess the economic and market condition in these economies is quickly outdated. Consequently, both the investment opportu...

Financial markets reveal information through which firm managers increase the value of equity, e.g., by improving investment decisions. With debt, however, such decisions are not necessarily socially efficient. We demonstrate that investors’ endogenous information acquisition, acting through this feedback channel, attenuates risk-shifting but amplifies debt overhang. The most ex-ante inefficien...

this study attempts to investigate the effect of oil returns and external debt on the government expenditure in syria over the period 1970-2010. the johansen cointegration test showed that oil returns and external debt have a positive and significant long run relationship with government expenditure. the granger causality test indicates unidirectional short-run causality relationships running f...

This paper investigates the implications of external indebtedness and international …nancial integration on the e¤ects of foreign interest rate shocks in a small-open economy. The theoretical component of the analysis develops a business cycle model that can successfully match the impulse responses of the Turkish economy to U.S. interest rate shocks. It is found in the context of this model tha...

I develop a novel link between frictions in international financial markets and fiscal procyclicality. Complementing existing evidence, A decomposition of government expenditure into social spending and public good spending reveals that the cyclical correlation of social spending exhibits the biggest differences across countries. I build a small open economy model with income inequality, endoge...

.................................................................................................................................................. ix Introduction...............................................................................................................................................1 I. The determinants of foreign currency sovereign ratings: theory, data and OLS estimates ...