نتایج جستجو برای: external costs
تعداد نتایج: 362495 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
In this article we estimate external costs for four representative types of freight trains. For each type of freight train, we estimate three general types of external costs and compare them with the private costs experienced by railroad companies. The general types of external costs include: accidents (fatalities, injuries, and property damage); emissions (air pollution and greenhouse gases); ...
In addition to have some benefits for the users, private vehicles as a one of urban transportation systems, impose different costs and effects on environment and citizens who are not among users of private cars. Currently, only a small share of car prices is received as the annual tax of car ownership by the municipality, therefore it is necessary to review the process and the external car cost...
This paper reviews the evidence on external costs of risky behaviors in the U.S. and provides a framework for estimating them. External costs arise when a person does not bear all the costs of his or her behavior. They provide one of the strongest rationales for government interventions. Although the earlier estimates of external costs no longer have policy relevance, they demonstrated that the...
Providing people with information on the external costs of their mobility, including generated emissions and congestion, has been shown to influence travel behaviour. We present a methodology for estimating transport externalities at link level GPS data, aim provide more accurate estimates costs. Emission values various pollutants are calculated each using HBEFA database, accounting vehicle typ...
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