For a finitely presented discrete group $\Gamma$, we introduce two generalizations of the orbifold Euler characteristic and $\Gamma$-orbifold to class proper topological groupoids large enough include all cocompact Lie groupoids. The $\Gamma$-Euler is defined as an integral with respect over orbit space groupoid, $\Gamma$-inertia usual associated groupoid. A key ingredient application o-minimal...

Field of Study Social Sciences, Business and Administration Degree Programme Degree Programme in International Business Author(s) Wei Hu & Yuanyuan Xie Title of Thesis Comparative Study of McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) development in China Date 28.04.2013 Pages/Appendices 53+2 Supervisor(s) Jari Niemelä &Heikki Likitalo Client Organization/Partners McDonald's Corporation & Kentuck...

We study the Cauchy problem for differential equations, considering its parameters and/or initial conditions given by fuzzy sets. These fuzzy differential equations are approached in two different ways: (a) by using a family of differential inclusions; and (b) the Zadeh extension principle for the solution of the model. We conclude that the solutions of the Cauchy problem obtained by both are t...

A concept of fuzzy-mathematical programming problem is introduced in this paper. It is a problem of optimizing an objective function subject to a constraint set which is a fuzzy set. Solution of a FMP problem is defined as a fuzzy set by means of the "Extension principle" applied to a set-to-set mapping. Our philosophy is applied to the linear programming problem, where the set of all feasible ...

For a mapping, fuzzy sets obtained by Zadeh's extension principle are images of other fuzzy sets on the domain of the mapping under the mapping. Some relationships between images of level sets of one or two fuzzy sets under a mapping and another fuzzy set obtained from the one or two fuzzy sets by Zadeh's extension principle are known. In the present paper, the known results are extended to mor...