Topical anesthetics act on the peripheral nerves and reduce the sensation of pain at the site of application. In dentistry, they are used to control local pain caused by needling, placement of orthodontic bands, the vomiting reflex, oral mucositis, and rubber-dam clamp placement. Traditional topical anesthetics contain lidocaine or benzocaine as active ingredients and are used in the form of so...

The development of topical anesthetics has provided the family physician with multiple options in anesthetizing open and intact skin. The combination of tetracaine, adrenaline (epinephrine), and cocaine, better known as TAC, was the first topical agent available for analgesia of lacerations to the face and scalp. Cocaine has been replaced with lidocaine in a newer formulation called LET (lidoca...

STUDY OBJECTIVE We compare the analgesic efficacy of topical anesthetics for dermal instrumentation with conventional infiltrated local anesthesia and also compare topically available amide and ester agents with a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA). METHODS We conducted a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Relevant literature was identified through searches of MEDLI...

A nickel-based single-crystal superalloy was employed to investigate the preferred growth orientation behavior of the (γ + γ') eutectic and the effect of these orientations on the segregation behavior. A novel solidification model for the eutectic island was proposed. At the beginning of the eutectic island's crystallization, the core directly formed from the liquid by the eutectic reaction, an...

Freeze casting for Al2O3 was accomplished at room temperature with nonaqueous sublimable vehicles in the naphthalene– camphor eutectic system with a eutectic temperature of 31°C. A fully dense sintered body (>99.5% of theoretical density (T.D.)) was obtained with a eutectic composition vehicle, whereas at most 90% T.D. was obtained with an off-eutectic (i.e., hypoor hypereutectic) composition v...

Improving the solubility and changing the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API’s) AMG 517, glipizide, and naproxen through the preparation of eutectic mixtures was investigated. Mixtures of the API’s with other small molecules were prepared to construct a phase diagram used to identify the eutectic mixture compositions. The search for a eutectic mixture ...

The stability of the eutectic carbide in a self-designed Fe-Cr-Mo-W-V-C alloy during solidifi atio as a alyzed i this ork. The ar ide pre ipitatio rule of the steel was calculated by Thermo-Calc.The typical microstructures at 1240 °C and 1200 °C ere o ser ed y opti al i ros ope OM ,field e issio s a i g ele tro microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The selected area dif...

Ag-28.1 wt. % Cu eutectic alloy solidifies in the form of eutectic dendrite at undercooling above 76 K. The remelting and ripening of the original lamellar eutectics result in the formation of the anomalous eutectics in the final microstructure. The addition of the third element Sb (0.5 and 1 wt. %) does not change the growth mode, but enlarges the volume fraction of anomalous eutectics because...