After the Second World War, with food supplies being badly insufficient, the “Marshall Plan” as well as a policy of high producer prices provided incentives to reconstruct the agricultural production potential in Western Europe. Soon production surpluses began to emerge, and despite the high price levels farm incomes did not rise in proportion to production and productivity. Already in 1950 a d...

Abstract Due to the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic, people has changed way they work, learn and socialize. As result, it is important identify pre‐existing digital gaps implement European Union digitalization strategy. This study aims typologies internet use in 28 (EU) countries (at time survey), based on characteristics users their usage patterns. A two‐level latent class analysis was applied. At...

Does the common currency promote goods market integration within the EMU? We argue that such an effect is likely, but that the mechanism typically proposed – lover costs of arbitrage because of increased price transparency – is likely to be of minor importance. Instead we sketch a duopoly model which stresses that lover possibility of future real exchange rate variability lowers the option valu...

A gambling market is usually described as being inefficient if there are one or more betting strategies that generate profit, at a consistent rate, as a consequence of exploiting market flaws. This paper examines the online European football gambling market based on 14 European football leagues over a period of seven years, from season 2005/06 to 2011/12 inclusive, and takes into consideration ...

This paper examines the integration of European equity markets over 1985-2002 using a relatively new set of three dynamic techniques that measure the extent of timevarying equity market integration from complementary perspectives. All three techniques are in agreement that there has been an increased degree of integration among European equity markets especially since the 1997-98 period. This e...

We investigate the adjustment dynamics of countries’ specialization patterns in terms of labor market participation in manufacturing industries for the European Union. Using co-integration and error correction modeling techniques, we find that imbalances in European countries’ specialization are being set off at a rate of about 63 percent within the next period. Adjustment rates for Denmark, Fr...

This Comment argues that the IGC should reject proposals to exempt sports associations from Community law, because freedom of movement for workers is a strictly protected right of fundamental importance to the European Union and because the public’s interest in sport and the sporting associations’ interest in maintaining financial and competitive balance between clubs are better served by alter...

This paper provides a study of bond yield differentials among EU government bonds issued between 1993 and 2005 on the basis of a unique dataset of issue spreads in the US and DM (Euro) bond market. Interest differentials between bonds issued by EU countries and Germany or the USA contain risk premiums which increase with fiscal imbalances and depend negatively on the issuer's relative bond mark...

The European Union (EU) market integration is leading to increasingly monopolistic electricity market infrastructures, which has opened a debate on the regulation of these socalled power exchanges. In this paper, we start by stating that there are two types of power exchanges in Europe, i.e. “merchant” and “cost-of-service regulated” power exchanges. We then discuss how regulation can be used t...