“I could not stop crying when my doctor told me I was in menopause! I was only 32 years old and married less than year ago! I wondered whether I had done anything wrong. Later I found out that my grandmother, mother and my aunt went through menopause when they were in their 30’s, but we had never talked about these things before. I never expected this would happen to me because everyone in my f...

BACKGROUND Hydrometrocolpos (HMC) develops as a result of vaginal outflow obstruction and the accumulation of secretions. It might be secondary to persistent cloaca, urogenital sinus, some syndromes, presence of the vaginal septum, vaginal atresia, and imperforate hymen. Each of them has different treatment options and follow-up protocols. This study was performed to identify the etiology and t...

Sperm is particularly susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ROS) during critical phases of spermiogenesis. However, the level of seminal ROS is restricted by seminal antioxidants which have beneficial effects on sperm parameters and developmental potentials. Mitochondria and sperm plasma membrane are two major sites of ROS generation in sperm cells. Besides, leukocytes including polymer phonu...

In patients with malignancy, the common etiologies of granuloma formation are tumor related sarcoid reaction, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases. Often, the finding of granulomas in malignant patients may obscure the primary malignancy or may mislead towards treatment of infectious and other etiologies. Hence, their proper recognition and necessary follow up is needed to...

sperm is particularly susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ros) during critical phases of spermiogenesis. however, the level of seminal ros is restricted by seminal antioxidants which have beneficial effects on sperm parameters and developmental potentials. mitochondria and sperm plasma membrane are two major sites of ros generation in sperm cells. besides, leukocytes including polymer phonu...