Background. Voiding disorders in females are a serious medical and social problem. Various urological, gynecological, neurological factors contribute to the development of these disorders.
 Aim. To study etiological voiding females.
 Materials methods. A total 52 women 19 81 years age with various were inspected. Examination algorithm included collection comprehensive history, filling...

OBJECTIVE To assess the etiological factors and the outcome of ureterovaginal fistula in an urban setting. METHODS The observational study was conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Urology, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from January 2009 to January 2011. All the patients of uretero-vaginal fistula at the centre were included on the basis of non-probability purposive sampling. The etiolo...

OBJECTIVES The impaction of the second mandibular molar (MM2) has recently become more prevalent. Several etiological hypothesis have been proposed to investigate the association between skeletal features and impaction of MM2. The aims of this study were to analyze the skeletal features in patients with MM2 impaction and the association between arrested eruption of MM2 and the presence of the t...

An ongoing and frequently vexing problem in endodontics is the development of pain and swelling (“flare-up”) during or after endodontic therapy. In some instances, flare-ups may occur following an access opening without root canal instrumentation. The attendant clinical symptomatology may be of such magnitude as to alarm both the therapist and the patient. In this and a subsequent article, the ...

This condition disease arises from progressive injury and cell death of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem, and usually also the upper motor neurons in the motor cortex. About 10% have been identified as familial in origin and of a suspected genetic basis, usually with an autosomal dominant mechanism of inheritance. The large majority (90%) appear sporadic, with an incidence (eg in...