The effects of estrogens are pleiotropic, affecting multiple bodily systems. Changes from the body's natural fluctuating levels of estrogens, through surgical removal of the ovaries, natural menopause, or the administration of exogenous estrogens to menopausal women have been independently linked to an altered immune profile, and changes to cognitive processes. Here, we propose that inflammatio...

Low plasma estrogens, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, thromboembolism, and impaired microcirculation are linked to the severity of covid-19. Studies have suggested that these comorbidities also related erythrocyte factors increased blood viscosity in such as aggregation deformability. Increased can lead a decrease oxygenation nutrition tissues. Therefore deform...

The occurrence of emerging contaminants, such as estrogens, in secondary and tertiary treated effluents sewage-impacted water bodies is one the major obstacles to implementation reuse. This review critically evaluates performance process enzymatic degradation its efficiency. data collected from peer-review literature show that enzymes have been extensively applied (in both free immobilized form...

Estrogens are highly effective both prophylactieally and therapeutically against cholesterol-induced coronary atherogenesis in cockerels. The relative immunity of premenopausal women to coronary sclerosis may be related to the presence of these ovarian hormones. Therefore, estrogens may be useful in the treatment of human coronary atherosclerosis. With this object in mind, the elimination of th...

7 Introduction 9 Where do the estrogens come from? 9 a. Systemic synthesis of estrogens 9 b. Local synthesis of estrogens in the brain 10 By which cellular mechanisms do estrogens exert their effects? 11 a. Estrogen receptors 11 b. Alternative mechanisms of action 13 Where are the estrogen receptors located? 14 What physiological effects do estrogens have in the brain? 15 The nociceptive system...

BACKGROUND Mammalian sperm must undergo a series of controlled molecular processes in the female reproductive tract called capacitation before they are capable of penetrating and fertilizing the egg. Capacitation, as a complex biological process, is influenced by many molecular factors, among which steroidal hormone estrogens play their role. Estrogens, present in a high concentration in the fe...

OBJECTIVE Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism display pronounced gender differences. Premenopausal women have lower LDL and higher HDL cholesterol, whereas men display higher synthetic rates of bile acids and cholesterol. The effects of the administration of exogenous hormones to humans and animals indicate that these gender differences can often be explained by estrogens. We evaluated how i...

The roles of estrogens have been best studied in the breast, breast cancers, and in the female reproductive tract. However, estrogens have important functions in almost every tissue in the body. Recent clinical trials such as the Women's Health Initiative have highlighted both the importance of estrogens and how little we know about the molecular mechanism of estrogens in these other tissues. I...

Two clearly opposing views exist on the function of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a fetal plasma protein that binds estrogens with high affinity, in the sexual differentiation of the rodent brain. AFP has been proposed to either prevent the entry of estrogens or to actively transport estrogens into the developing female brain. The availability of Afp mutant mice (Afp–/–) now finally allows us to res...