The expression level and functional activity of estrogen receptor alpha is an important determinant of breast physiology and breast cancer treatment. However, it has been difficult to identify the signals that regulate estrogen receptor because cultured mammary epithelial cells generally do not respond to estrogenic signals. Here, we use a combination of two- and three-dimensional culture syste...

PURPOSE Bladder symptoms can be ameliorated by sex steroids but to our knowledge the mechanism of action is unknown. Previous studies of steroid receptor expression in the bladder did not indicate receptor subtype expression. We report the distribution of estrogen and progesterone receptor isoforms in the female lower urinary tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospectively recruited women undergoi...

background: the etiology of breast cancer and our understanding on the carcinogenicity of different risk factors is impotant for control programms. objective: we investigated the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (er, pr), and human epithelial receptor 2 (her2) overexpression and its associations, with environmental risk factors among breast cancer patients.  methods: we classif...

background: papillary thyroid carcinoma (ptc), occurs mostly in women and sex hormones may play a role in the pathogenesis and clinical course. the objective of this study was to determine the status and prevalence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in ptc with regard to age, gender, tumor size and lymph node involvement. methods: immunohistochemical stains were performed on 92 tissue block...

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, containing approximately one third of all illnesses in women. Assessment of molecular markers is valuable in predicting the outcome of disease and decision making for optimal treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between estrogen and progesterone receptors with Her-2, Ki67, P53, and clinicopathologica...

Background: Use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of adult-onset asthma in women. Various in vitro studies have reported that estradiol stimulates human mast cell lines causing release of allergic mediators which was not observed in estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) knockout mice. Thus, estrogen might be a key element in occurrence of asthma. In the present study, we p...

The ability of estrogen to increase the alpha-1 adrenergic sensitivity of rabbit uterine smooth muscle was compared with its effects on the concentration of alpha adrenoceptor subtypes in myometrium. Compared to ovariectomized controls, estrogen treatment was found to increase the adrenergic contractile sensitivity of rabbit uterus determined in vitro. Estrogen treatment increased uterine alpha...

schizophrenia is a debilitating and pervasive mental illness with devastating effects on many aspects of psychological, cognitive and social wellbeing. epidemiological and life-cycle data point to significant differences in the incidence and course of schizophrenia between men and women, suggesting that estrogen plays a “protective” role . adjunctive estrogen therapy has been shown to be effect...

The effects of estrogen are mediated through two functionally distinct receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ER- alpha ), and estrogen receptor beta (ER- beta ), both of which are expressed in the cardiovascular system. The etiology of cardiovascular disease is believed to result in part from the loss of endogenous estrogen, indicating that estrogen and its receptors may play important roles in t...

Background: Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. In contrast to other tumors, the role of estrogen in the initiation and progression of melanoma remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate estrogen receptor beta protein expression in human melanoma tissues and in the benign melanocytic lesions. Method: Twenty-one patients, 11 with cutaneous melanoma and 10 w...