The onset of non-communicable disease has been attributed in large part to environmental exposure to toxic chemicals, including persistent organic pollutants, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds and transition metals. This review summarizes recent research into the causes and mechanisms of environmental disease onset and examines the role of oxidative stress as well as steps that can b...

One of the most pervasive patterns observed in biodiversity studies is the tendency for species richness to decline towards the poles. One possible explanation is that high levels of environmental energy promote higher species richness nearer the equator. Energy input may set a limit to the number of species that can coexist in an area or alternatively may influence evolutionary rates. Within f...

and Key Points 1. Exposure to many environmental agents is associated with an increased incidence of certain malignancies, although causation is usually difficult to prove. 2. Certain chemicals, infections (parasitic, viral, and bacterial) and ionizing radiation are known carcinogens. 3. Variable genetic susceptibility to carcinogenesis is apparent. 4. Up to two-thirds of human cancers are beli...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autism is a biologically based disorder of brain development. Genetic factors--mutations, deletions, and copy number variants--are clearly implicated in causation of autism. However, they account for only a small fraction of cases, and do not easily explain key clinical and epidemiological features. This suggests that early environmental exposures also contribute. This review ...

Brain tumours hitherto said to be rare in Africans are now known to be common. They cause considerable concern due to their relatively high morbidity, mortality and enormous cost of care, especially in the developing world. An understanding of the aetiology is particularly important in our region for planning strategies for effective prevention of brain tumours. This review endeavours to outlin...

The central nervous system is the most vulnerable of all body systems to developmental injury. This review focuses on developmental processes by which the nervous system is formed and how those processes are known or suspected to be injured by toxic agents. The processes discussed are establishment of neuron numbers; migration of neurons; establishment of connections, neurotransmitter activity,...

the study investigated secondary school students' environmental awareness in india and iran. nine hundred and ninety-one students were selected through the stratified random sampling technique from 103 secondary schools of mysore city (india) and tehran city (iran). subjects consisted of 476 boys and 515 girls. they were assessed using the environment awareness ability measure (eaam). resu...

tory embarrassment or collapse, which in clinical terms is represented most obviously by a reduction in the blood-pressure. There are a number of causes of that state, that is, it is not a definite clinical entity, it is only a train of symptoms, and it is essential for a reception officer to sort out the cases rather than merely to regard transfusion as efficacious for the treatment of every o...