According to current models, once the cell has reached terminal differentiation, the enhancer repertoire is completely established and maintained by cooperatively acting lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs). TFs activated by extracellular stimuli operate within this predetermined repertoire, landing close to where master regulators are constitutively bound. Here, we describe latent enha...

The gene encoding the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1R) is expressed exclusively in cells of the myeloid lineages as well as trophoblasts. A conserved element in the second intron, Fms-Intronic Regulatory Element (FIRE), is essential for macrophage-specific transcription of the gene. However, the molecular details of how FIRE activity is regulated and how it impacts the...

many properties of chemicals depend on their stereochemistry. among these, the effects of stereoisomerism on percutaneous absorption of drugs are not well studied. we have previously shown that permeation of tretinoin and isotretinoin (two geometric isomers) through hydrophilic enhancers-treated rat skin is stereoselective. as, depending on their lipophilicity, penetration enhancers can change ...

the purpose of this work was to study the effect of various permeation enhancers on the permeation of salbutamol sulphate (ss) buccal patches through buccal mucosa in order to improve the bioavailability by avoiding the first pass metabolism in the liver and possibly in the gut wall and also achieve a better therapeutic effect. the influence of various permeation enhancers, such as dimethyl sul...

gene therapy is in its development stage as a novel method for cancer treatment. liposomes look promising as gene delivery vectors; however, investigations have shown that these vesicles are not doing well in some cases. it was decided here to investigate the possibility of augmentation of liposomal gene delivery by chemical penetration enhancers.cationic liposome containing antisense oligonucl...

objective(s):drug delivery through the skin can transfer therapeutic levels of drugs for pharmacological effects. analgesics such as nsaids have gastrointestinal side effects and topical dosage forms of these drugs are mainly preferred, especially for local pains. meloxicam is one of nsaids with no topical form in the market. in this research, we attempted to quantify the skin permeation of a m...

Abstract The multifunctionality of genome is suggested at some loci in different species but not well understood. Here we identified a DES-K16 region an intron the Kctd16 gene as chromatin highly marked with epigenetic modifications both enhancers (H3K4me1 and H3K27ac) silencers (H3K27me3) mouse spermatocytes. In vitro reporter assay demonstrated that exhibited significant enhancer activity spe...

Immunomodulation is a diverse process by which immunomodulators enhance or suppress immune responses to control disease progression. Immunomodulators are broad class of drugs that include immunosuppressants and immunostimulants. These agents have been used fight against the dysregulated observed during tissue/organ transplantation disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, can...