The most frequent pain syndrome in the musculoskeletal system after the low back pain is the neck and arm pain. Classically, every person out of three suffers neck pain at5 least once in his/her lifetime.4 The frequency of chronic neck pain can be as high as 70%. The prevalence of acute neck pain is 10% in males, while the same is 13% in females. Frequency of the acute and self-limiting neck pa...

OBJECTIVE Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy is often used as a minimally invasive procedure for lumbar disc herniation. However, a transforaminal approach posts limitations at the L5-S1 level owing to anatomic constraints, such as a high iliac crest or small intervertebral foramen and especially for migrated large intracanalicular disc herniations. We discuss the procedure and c...

Objective: The herniated lumbar disc (HLD) in young patients is increasing. The endoscopic discectomy has been used as a treatment option, but it is limited in the management of large extruded or migrated disc herniations. Recently, with an application of extreme lateral endoscopic lumbar discectomy (ELELD), it is possible to obtain access to epidural space directly and to remove herniated disc...

Mixter and Barr (20) have first established the relationship between disc herniation and sciatica in 1934 (20). Yasargil (36) and Caspar (4) have pioneered the minimally invasive lumbar disc surgery by using surgical microscope and developing microinstruments in the 1970’s. Hijikata has performed the first percutaneous discectomy in 1975. Kambin (17) has first used an arthroscope for discectomy...

Congenital Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) defined first by Dr. Sarpyener in 1940’s17, and degenerative LSS was defined by Verbiest in 1950’s.19 Degenerative LSS can be classified as simple or complex LSS, depending on the presence or absence of attendant pathologies. LSS can also be classified on axial plane as central, lateral, or foraminal. LSS may result inneurogenic claucation or radiculopath...

BACKGROUND Lumbar disc herniation is a major cause of back pain and sciatica. The surgical management of lumbar disc prolapse has evolved from exploratory laminectomy to percutaneous endoscopic discectomy. Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy is the least invasive procedure for lumbar disc prolapse. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical outcome, quality of life, neurologic function, a...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of pre-emptive parecoxib in the percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Methods: Eighty patients were randomly allocated to receive either parecoxib or sodium chloride brine as placebo 30 minutes prior to the percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Clinical data was obtained and recorded at 1, 6, 12, 24 hours after ...

BACKGROUND Open discectomy remains the standard method for treatment of lumbar disc herniation, but can traumatize spinal structure and leaves symptomatic epidural scarring in more than 10% of cases. The usual transforaminal approach may be associated with difficulty reaching the epidural space due to anatomical peculiarities at the L5-S1 level. The endoscopic interlaminar approach can provide ...

Up to date the seasoned spine surgeon has many options for the treatment of Cervical Radiculopathy that range from muscle and motion preserving procedures to the well-known Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion and the Anterior Cervical Disk Replacement surgeries. We wish to present a brief review of the literature to address two minimally invasive and motion preserving techniques known as, C...