background: the mainstay of diagnosis of relapsing fever (rf) is demonstration of the spirochetes in giemsa-stained thick blood smears, but during non fever periods the bacteria are very scanty and rarely detected in blood smears by mi­cros­copy. this study is aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of different methods developed for detection of low-grade spi­ro­chetemia. methods: animal blood sampl...

Genomic sequencing of two relapsing fever spirochaetes showed truncation of recA in Borrelia recurrentis, but not in Borrelia duttonii. RecA has an important role among bacteria; we investigated whether this characteristic was representative of B. recurrentis, or an artefact following in vitro cultivation. We sequenced recA directly from samples of patient with louse-borne relapsing fever (B. r...

Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) borreliosis is caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and it is a deadly although treatable disease that is endemic in the Horn of Africa but has epidemic potential. Research on LBRF has been severely hampered because successful infection with B. recurrentis has been achieved only in primates (i.e., not in other laboratory or domestic animals). Here, we present the f...

Some evidence is assembled to suggest that trench fever, an infection with a strain of Rochalimaea, if not quintana, then vinsonii, was present in Belfast in the first half of the nineteenth century in endemic and epidemic form. It may have amounted at times to one half or more of 'fever'. This may account for the comparatively low mortality in some years from 'fever'. The phrase 'relapsing fev...

The spirochetal disease relapsing fever is caused by different Borrelia species. Relapsing fever is well recognized as an infection of the blood, but little is known about its predilection for the nervous system and the eyes. To investigate neurological and ocular involvement during relapsing fever, we reviewed the clinical manifestations, pathology, and treatment of relapsing fever of humans a...

Relapsing fever Borrelia spp. challenge microbiologic typing because they possess segmented genomes that maintain essential genes on large linear plasmids. Antigenic variation further complicates typing. Intergenic spacer (IGS, between 16S-23S genes) heterogeneity provides resolution among Lyme disease-associated and some relapsing fever spirochetes. We used an IGS fragment for typing East Afri...

We are living with a lot of diseases related to fevers different names like Chikungunya fever, West Nile rheumatic Relapsing Rat-bite fever (sodoku), Haver hill Dengue Typhoid Scarlet Viral hemorrhagic etc.

In this paper, we describe the dynamics of a vector-borne relapsing disease, such as tick-borne relapsing fever, using the methods of compartmental models. After some motivation and model description we provide a proof of a conjectured general form of the reproductive ratio R0, which is the average number of new infections produced by a single infected individual. A disease free equilibrium und...