Finite-state encoders that encode n-ary data into a constrained system S are considered. The anticipation, or decoding delay, of such an (S, n)-encoder is the number of symbols that a state-dependent decoder needs to look ahead in order to recover the current input symbol. Upper bounds are obtained on the smallest attainable number of states of any (S, n)-encoder with anticipation t. Those boun...

Among the different modes of operations allowed in the current JPEG standard, the sequential and progressive modes are the most widely used. While the sequential JPEG mode yields essentially the same level of compression performance for most encoder implementations, the performance of progressive JPEG depends highly upon the designed encoder structure. This is due to the flexibility the standar...

Among the many different modes of operations allowed in the current JPEG standard, the sequential and progressive modes are the most widely used. While the sequential JPEG mode yields essentially the same level of compression performance for most encoder implementations, the performance of progressive JPEG depends highly upon the designed encoder structure. This is due to the flexibility the st...

A 2-bit Booth encoder with Josephson Transmission Lines (JTLs) and Passive Transmission Lines (PTLs) is designed. The Booth encoding method is one of the algorithms to obtain partial products. With this method, the number of partial products decreases down to the half compared to the AND array method. The circuit area of the multiplier designed with the Booth encoder method is compared to that ...

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A generic M-ary continuous phase modulation (CPM) scheme, with a modulation index of h = 1/M, can be modeled by a continuous-phase encoder (CPE) followed by a memoryless modulator (MM), where the CPE is linear over the ring of integers modulo M. By designing a channel encoder (CE), which is a convolutional encoder, to operate over the same ring of integers modulo M, the CE and the CPE can be co...

Electrical drives use frequently incremental encoders as position sensor. The paper deals with modeling and simulation of an incremental encoder and MatlabSimulink simulation structure is realized and tested. In order to process the information provided by the encoder it was built a structure to determine the direction of the rotation in an angular interval equal to a quarter of the angular ste...

In a group trellis, the sequence of branches that split from the identity path and merge to the identity path form two normal chains. The Schreier refinement theorem can be applied to these two normal chains. The refinement of the two normal chains can be written in the form of a matrix, called the Schreier matrix form, with rows and columns determined by the two normal chains. Based on the Sch...