Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of sex. In 1978, Congress amended Title V112 with the express purpose of reversing an earlier Supreme Court decision 3 , General Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 4 in which the Court held that exclusion of pregnancy coverage from a disability-benefits plan did not constitute sex-based discrimination under Tit...

BACKGROUND Discrimination based on type of employment against non-regular workers is still a social issue. However, there are few studies on job factors that affect the discrimination experience in each type of employment or the association between discrimination and health impact indicators. This study examined occupational health characteristics according to discrimination experience and rela...

With its socio-economic development, the issue of China’s female discrimination in labor employment field is increasingly significant. This present paper identifies the status quo of females in employment, salary, career development, retirement age, and other respects and problems on the basis of a survey on Shandong women employment in a variety of enterprises. Then it continues an objective a...

Persistent racial inequality in employment, housing, and a wide range of other social domains has renewed interest in the possible role of discrimination. And yet, unlike in the pre-civil rights era, when racial prejudice and discrimination were overt and widespread, today discrimination is less readily identifiable, posing problems for social scientific conceptualization and measurement. This ...

OBJECTIVES Evidence for the existence of a harmful effect of chronic disease on employment status has been provided. Although this effect of chronic illness on employment has been reported to be higher among the groups with the lowest position on the labour market, the mechanisms of such inequalities are poorly understood. The present study aimed at investigating social inequalities in the chan...

Pregnancy discrimination exhibits a coherent social logic. The exclusion of women from employment on the basis of pregnancy perpetuates the sexual division of productive and reproductive labor, thereby confirming women's second class status in the work force. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 amends Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by clarifying that the Act's proscription of se...

Controlled experiments, using matched pairs of bogus transactors, to test for discrimination in the marketplace have been conducted for over 30 years, and have extended across 10 countries. Significant, persistent and pervasive levels of discrimination have been found against nonwhites and women in labour, housing and product markets. Rates of employment discrimination against non-whites, in ex...