In 1945, R. Fox introduced the so-called Fox torus homotopy groups in which the usual homotopy groups are embedded and their Whitehead products are expressed as commutators. A modern treatment of Fox torus homotopy groups and their generalization has been given and studied. In this note, we further explore these groups and their properties. We discuss co-multiplications on Fox spaces and Jacobi...

OBJECTIVE Hemorrhoidal disease is a very common entity in the general population; however, the therapeutic approaches to hemorrhoids remain controversial. The choice of treatment method depends on the grade of the hemorrhoid as well as the experience of the surgeon. The Whitehead hemorrhoidectomy procedure is often applied for grade IV hemorrhoids. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 49 patients ...