Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have made many advancements since the birth of Louise Brown in 1978. Success rates have improved within the past four decades, but currently remain only between 40-60% successful and fertility treatments cost $12,000-$15,000 [1]. To improve pregnancy rates, two to three embryos are often transferred into the uterus of the patient or recipient in hopes o...

BACKGROUND Morphologically classifying embryos is important for numerous laboratory techniques, which range from basic methods to methods for assisted reproduction. However, the standard method currently used for classification is subjective and depends on an embryologist's prior training. Thus, our work was aimed at developing software to classify morphological quality for blastocysts based on...

The Saint Petersburg Society of Naturalists has reinstated the Alexander O. Kowalevsky Medal. This article announces the winners of the first medals and briefly reviews the achievements of A.O. Kowalevsky, the Russian comparative embryologist whose studies on amphioxus, tunicates and germ layer homologies pioneered evolutionary embryology and confirmed the evolutionary continuity between invert...

It is rare that the birth date of a branch of science can be determined rather precisely. The beginnings of modern developmental neurobiology can be traced to the eighties of the last centurv and to two eminent men: the German embryologist and anatomist Wilhelm His (1831-1904) and the Spanish neurologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934). Of course, the development of the nervous system had be...

STUDY QUESTION What is the recognition of clinical embryology and the current status of clinical embryologists in European countries, regarding educational levels, responsibilities and workload, and need for a formal education in assisted reproductive technology (ART)? SUMMARY ANSWER It is striking that the profession of clinical embryology, almost 40 years after the introduction of IVF, is s...

Abstract Study question Is an AI model as good experienced embryologist? Summary answer Properly trained models can perform embryologists with respect to accuracy, improving in the same time decisiveness. What is known already There are many attempts solve embryo selection problem. One way determine specific features of and on this basis calculate final score. The non-algorithmic approach uses ...

Samuel Randall Detwiler [5] was an embryologist who studied neural development [6] in embryos and vertebrate retinas [7]. He discovered evidence for the relationship between somites [8] and spinal ganglia, that transplanted limbs can be controlled by foreign ganglia, and the plasticity of ganglia in response to limb transplantations. He also extensively studied vertebrate retinas [7] during and...

Otto Mangold [5] was an early-twentieth-century embryologist who specialized in the development of amphibian embryos. A major emphasis of his research was refining the concept of the organizer [6], now referred to as embryonic induction [7]. He was born on 4 November 1891 in Auenstein, Germany, and came from what Viktor Hamburger [8], a colleague and personal acquaintance, described as ?peasant...

Ernest Everett Just [5] was an early twentieth century American experimental embryologist involved in research at the Marine Biological Laboratory [6] (MBL) at Woods Hole [7], Massachusetts, and the Stazione Zoologica [8] in Naples, Italy. Just was known for simple but elegant experiments that supported the ?fertilizing? theory of Frank R. Lillie and served as an antagonist to Jacques Loeb?s wo...