Long-term care (LTC) must be carefully delineated when expenditures are compared across countries because how LTC services are defined and delivered differ in each country. LTC’s objectives are to compensate for functional decline and mitigate the care burden of the family. Governments have tended to focus on the poor but Germany opted to make LTC universally available ...

The question of how to determine which states and actions are responsible for a certain outcome is known as the credit assignment problem remains central research in reinforcement learning artificial intelligence. Eligibility traces enable efficient recent sequence experienced by agent, but not counterfactual sequences that could also have led current state. In this work, we introduce expected ...

Effective clinical text processing requires accurate extraction and representation of temporal expressions. Multiple temporal information extraction models were developed but a similar need for extracting temporal expressions in eligibility criteria (e.g., for eligibility determination) remains. We identified the temporal knowledge representation requirements of eligibility criteria by reviewin...

conclusions: the major barriers for thrombolytic therapy for patients with ais in this setting were delays in the provision of in-hospital services, like initial patient assessment, ct scans or laboratory studies. these results were in contrast with previous reports. background: intravenous thrombolysis is an approved treatment method for patients with acute ischemic stroke (ais) and is recomme...

RuleEd is a web-based editing environment which enables clinical trial eligibility rules entered as free text to be represented as a series of terms mapped to unique concepts in a controlled vocabulary. RuleEd provides interfaces for creating and refining concept mappings for terms within rules and disambiguating multiply-mapped terms. A combination of inter-active and non-interactive methods e...

For a sample of 2361 patients admitted with suspected acute myocardial in-farction (AMI) to a set of 37 hospitals, recorded patient response variables include eligibility for treatment with aspirin, eligiblilty for treatment with thrombolytics, treatment with aspirin received, treatment with thrombolytics received, and short-term patient survival. Each of these ve variables has two levels resul...

OBJECTIVES Understanding of progression to antiretroviral therapy (ART) eligibility and associated factors remains limited. The objectives of this analysis were to determine the time to ART eligibility and to explore factors associated with disease progression in adults with early HIV infection. METHODS HIV-infected adults (≥ 18 years old) with CD4 cell count > 500 cells/μl were enrolled in t...

The comparison of long-term care (LTC) expenditures is a difficult task. National LTC systems differ widely in terms of eligibility criteria, level of benefits, institutional variety and regional heterogeneity. In this commentary I will first give some general remarks on cross country comparisons. Then I discuss the role of the informal sector which is the most importan...