— This paper explores tariff reform in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda between the early 1990s and early 2000s. Tariffs were reformed in an across the board manner consistent with implementing World Bank programs: the average tariff was reduced and the dispersion of tariffs was compressed, with the highest tariffs being eliminated. There is limited evidence of political economy influences ...

This paper shows that governments have no incentive to introduce non-tariff barriers when they are free to set tariffs but they do when tariffs are determined cooperatively. We then show three results. First, with trade liberalization, there is a progression from using tariffs only to quotas, and to antidumping constraints (when quotas are jointly eliminated). Second, there is a narrowing of th...

This paper examines the welfare effects of the formation of a free-trade area (a set of countries which abolish tariffs among member countries but let individual countries to set external tariffs). If a representative consumer has love-of-variety preferences, the welfare function exhibits supermodularity in external tariffs: when a country is constrained to charge lower tariffs on imports of so...

Median voter theory applied to trade policy predicts positive tariffs in capital-abundant countries and negative tariffs in labor-abundant countries. Negative tariffs are rare, and this paper reconciles the median voter theory with observed protectionism across countries. By considering large countries, I show the optimal tariff is a sum of the median voter component and a positive in terms of ...

Increased electric energy consumption in recent years, associated economic problems, reduced reliability and increased power losses in electric networks. One of the main solutions in smart grids to overcome the mentioned problems is demand response programs. In demand response programs, operators apply time-varying tariffs to consumers, and convince them to change their consumption pattern. Amo...

This study analyses the integration of electric vehicles (EV) into the German power grid including different demand side management (DSM) approaches from a technical, economical and user perspective. For this an overview of the future German electricity market with the focus on EV integration is given. It is shown that for conservative EV penetration rates the effect on the electricity generati...

This paper examines the welfare effects of the formation of a free-trade area (a set of countries that abolish tariffs among member countries but let individual member countries to set external tariffs). If a representative consumer has love-of-variety preferences, the welfare function exhibits supermodularity in external tariffs: when a country is constrained to charge lower tariffs on imports...

We ask whether the threat of carbon tariffs might lower the cost of reductions in world carbon emissions by inducing unregulated regions to adopt emission controls. We use a calibrated simulation model to generate the payoffs of a game in which a coalition regulates its own emissions and chooses whether or not to employ carbon tariffs against unregulated regions. Unregulated regions respond by ...