In this paper we reinvestigate photon. We show that photon with a specific frequency can be identified with the Dirac magnetic monopole. We give a model of quantum electrodynamics from which we derive photon as a quantum loop of this model. This nonlinear loop model of photon is exactly solvable and thus may be regarded as a quantum soliton. From the winding numbers of this loop model of photon...

A key liquid crystalline property for electro-optic applications is the Frederiks threshold electric field. There has been recent experimental interest in liquid crystal-based colloidal suspensions in which the colloidal nanoparticles both possess a permanent electric polarization and provide strong director anchoring on the particle surface. Such suspensions are sometimes known as Filled Liqui...

The paper examines a well-known experimental property of increase of the magnetoresistance effect in a metal observed with a decrease of the metal temperature. This property is explained by the fact that magnetoresistance is a quantity proportional to the relaxation time of the electric conduction of the metal sample which is a parameter observed in the absence of the magnetic field. Since the ...

in this paper, a rectangular sandwich plate with a constrained layer and an electrorheological (er) fluid core is investigated. the rectangular plate is covered an er fluid core and a constraining layer to improve the stability of the system. the two outer layers of the sandwich structure are elastic. the viscoelastic materials express the middle layer behavior under electric field and small st...

Fabricating an electrically switchable cylindrical Fresnel lens based on holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLC) using a Michelson interferometer is reported. Simplicity of the method and possibility of fabricating different focal length lenses in a single set up are among the advantages of the method. It is demonstrated that the Fresnel structured zone plate acts as a cylindrica...

It has long been agreed upon by the practitioners and researchers in the field of electric power market operations that both pricing and demand must play much more proactive roles in better balancing demands across the hours of the day. A balanced system will mitigate demand and price spikes and thereby reduce the need for expensive reserve generation capacity as well. Balanced demand will also...

Dye sensitized solar cell was assembled using TiO2 nanoparticle with argon-nitrogen plasma treatment and CuBi2O4 sputtering electrode prepared by plasma irradiation. The electric property of the solar cell fabricated by plasma treated TiO2 nanoparticle was improved because the physical and chemical property of TiO2 particles affected from the nitrogen plasma treatment