Developing country environmental impact assessment (EIA) dates back to the mid-1970s and, although it varies significantly from country to country, its performance generally falls far behind that of EIA in developed countries. It is crucial that this performance be improved in order to help to protect the environment of three quarters of the world’s land area. This paper reviews developing coun...

Candida albicans mannan was added to normal human sera and the resulting complexes were dissociated by boiling (boil) with EDTA or by alkali treatment (bead method). The mannan released was detected by "sandwich" enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or by EIA inhibition. Each EIA took 2.3 h to perform. The total time for the boil-EIA combination was 2.7 h and for the bead-EIA, 3.8 h. The temperature favora...

The detection of hepatitis C virus infection currently relies on a "virology without a virus" approach. So far, only viral nucleic acid has been isolated and sequenced by the methods of genetic engineering. The resulting viral sequence was then used to "design" proteins for diagnostic use as antigens in enzyme immunoassays (EIA). A first-generation EIA (EIA I), which uses a non-structural hepat...

BACKGROUND Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals mostly occurring in resource-limited countries. This study compares the performance of a recently developed lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) to blood culture and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. METHODS Archived sera from 704 HIV-infected patients...

Antigenic relationship between purified equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus and spleen-derived antigen from EIA-infected horses was examined by immunodiffusion. Identical antigenicity of these two antigens has been proven because precipitation lines formed between the two antigens and EIA antiserum connected with each other. The results indicate that the antigenic substance derived from infect...

Antigenic relationship between purified equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus and spleen-derived antigen from EIA-infected horses was examined by immunodiffusion. Identical antigenicity of these two antigens has been proven because precipitation lines formed between the two antigens and EIA antiserum connected with each other. The results indicate that the antigenic substance derived from infect...

Cost-effectiveness analysis of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the surveillance of arboviruses was conducted. The EIA was compared with conventional virus isolation and serologic identification procedures (virus isolation procedures; VIP). Under most circumstances, EIA was more cost-effective than VIP. Costs for processing mosquito pools by VIP increased with the number of viruses included in t...

Estrogen receptors (ER) are routinely measured in tissue extracts from breast cancer using a radioligand binding assay (RBA) and an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Although good correlation was found between the two methods, they are expected to measure, at least in part, different ER amounts in individual samples, because the RBA should detect unfilled ER only, whereas EIA should recognize both unfi...

BACKGROUND Reverse sequence screening for syphilis, in which an automatable treponemal assay (enzyme immunoassay [EIA]/chemiluminescence assay [CIA]) is performed first and followed by a nontreponemal test for reactive specimens, has been used increasingly in the United States. The EIA is objective, efficient, and believed to be more sensitive than the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) because treponem...

[1] The Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) is a significant feature of the low-latitude ionosphere. During daytime, the eastward electric field drives a vertical plasma fountain at the magnetic equator creating the EIA. Since the eastward electric field is also the driving force for the Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ), the latter is positively correlated with the EIA strength. We investigate the c...