the increase of healthcare costs improved as a rule the health of the population. sometimes the positive effects of this expense are shaded off. on one hand, this expense improves the offer of the medical care. other influential factors on the health of population, we quote as example the training, the lifestyle, the hygiene and the distribution of income. on the other hand the increase of thes...

It is often necessary to specify social welfare functions (SWFs) to allocate forms of capital that provide public services to heterogeneous agents yet lie outside of capital markets. Of the SWFs consistent with Pareto optimality, only weighted combinations of individual utilities with “Negishi”, inverse marginal utility of the numeraire (income), weights replicate market outcomes for given init...

Can income equality be combined with high economic efficiency and rapid economic growth? Fortunately, we need not answer such a general question. Indeed, the question is poorly phrased. The relationship between income and wealth distribution on one hand, and efficiency/growth on the other, depends on how a certain distribution of income and wealth has come about. For example, if a given redistr...

In the context of Beijing’s accelerated economic growth, a high urbanization rate and associated urban problems pose challenges. We collected panel data for the period 2005–2014 to examine the relationship between Beijing’s urbanization efficiency and economic growth rate as well as its spatial patterns of dynamic and static urbanization efficiency. Specifically, we developed a comprehensive in...

in line with the unprecedented development of public sector in the 20th century, many economists have studied the efficiency of the public sector in economic growth and development. evidently, one of the important aspects of these studies is to determine the optimum size of government whose theoretical principles and approaches as well as practical methods have been argued about in public secto...