A powerful way of improving one’s memory for material is to be tested on that material. Tests enhance later retention more than additional study of the material, even when tests are given without feedback. This surprising phenomenon is called the testing effect, and although it has been studied by cognitive psychologists sporadically over the years, today there is a renewed effort to learn why ...

R si fearc^ into the social and psychological effects of *ness on children with such chronic diseases as hrria, diabetes, haemophilia and cystic fibrosis is inclusive; some studies (Olch, 1971; Gayton and Friedar|, 1974) indicate that these children often fall short of Q'r educational potential, but others .(Burton, 1974; J0rmina et al, 1976) suggest that children develop, in ^'n9 strategies, a...

Research on the symbolic functioning of very young children has important implications for educational materials. We argue that there are no transparent symbols; one can never assume that what seems to be an obvious symbolic relation is obvious to young children. We have discovered that young children have particular difficulty understanding and using symbols that are themselves interesting obj...

What kinds of intuitions do people have for solving problems in a formal logic system? Studies on intuitive physics have shown that people hold a set of naive beliefs Caramazza, and Green (1980) found that when people were asked to draw the path of a moving object shot through a curved tube, they believed that the object would move along a curved (instead of a straight) path even in the absence...

The main method of locating information on the World Wide Web is to use a search engine. Given a set of terms, a search engine will return a list of documents containing those terms. Often, though, this list of documents is extremely large. Unfortunately, there are currently no tools to assist the information seeker in determining whether these documents contain desired information or just subm...

A major decision that must be made during study pertains to the distribution, or the scheduling, of study. In this paper, we review the literature on the benefits of spacing, or spreading one's study sessions relatively far apart in time, as compared to massing, where study is crammed into one long session without breaks. The results from laboratory research provide strong evidence for this per...