Malaria is a preventable disease, which is under notified in the U.K. This study sought to evaluate the current surveillance arrangements in Northern Ireland (NI), describe the epidemiology of malaria and make appropriate recommendations. A case was defined as a resident or visitor to NI with laboratory confirmed malaria, diagnosed by the NI haematology laboratories and/or the Malaria Reference...

Since 1993, the reporting of listeriosis has been mandatory in Italy. The surveillance system based on case notifications from physicians is managed by the Ministry of Health. The information collected includes only gender, age and case distribution by region. To gather more information, an active surveillance was conducted for 12 months (2002-2003). All hospital microbiological laboratories in...

In this paper, the authors demonstrate that language diversity imposes a significant barrier in message communication like Short Messaging Service (SMS). SMS and other messaging services, including Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and e-mail, are widely used for person-to-person and Businessto-Consumer (B2C) communications due to their reach, simplicity and reliability of delivery. Reach and ...

Aim—To study the epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis (TB) in a developing country. Setting—Two urban communities of Cape Town, South Africa with a TB case notification rate of 1149/100 000. Design—Retrospective descriptive study using the national population census (1991), 10 year oYcial TB notification records, and a geographical information system. Results—The case notification rate of TB ...

AIM Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a considerable burden especially for millions of young adults and disadvantaged people worldwide. The TB incidence and notification rates are good indicators of TB situation in a country. Our aim was to compare TB incidence and notification rates in Kosovo and in seven other Balkan countries. METHODS Retrospective epidemiologic analysis of published data ...

Popular mobile apps use push notifications extensively to offer an “always connected” experience to their users. Social networking apps use them as a real-time channel to notify users about new private messages or new social interactions (e.g., friendship request, tagging, etc.). Despite the cryptography used to protect these communication channels, the strict temporal binding between the actio...

The primary duties laid upon Education Authorities by the Education of Defective Children (Scotland) Act, 1906, and the Mental Deficiency and Lunacy (Scotland) Act of 1913, are ascertainment of mental defect in the school population of their area, the provision of educational facilities for such cases as are considered educable in Special Schools, and the notification of those considered uneduc...