OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of social and token economy reinforcements on academic achievement of 9th grade boy students with intellectual disabilities in an experimental science class in Tehran Province. METHOD The method used for this study was experimental by pre-test, post- test with a control group. The boy students with intellectual disabilities from three junior high s...

There is growing interest in the potential of grassroots innovations to play a role in the transition to sustainable production and consumption systems. However, the role of values has been little considered in relation to the development and diffusion of grassroots innovations. We develop a conceptual model of how citizens' values are mobilised by grassroots innovations, drawing on the value t...

A typical work in the field of complexity in the stock market is the agent-based model for Artificial Stock Market (ASM). This model can be classified as an adaptive nonlinear network. The modeling method based on interactions among agents by cellular automaton (CA) was suggested first by von Neumann and S.Wolfram. In fact, the agent-based model can become the CA model when some assumptions are...

a College of Business and Center for Behavioral Political Economy, Stony Brook University b Center for Behavioral Political Economy, Department of Political Science, and College of Business, Stony Brook University c Center for Evolutionary Psychology and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara d Center for Evolutionary Psychology and Department of...

OBJECTIVES The United States Air Force (USAF) Combat Controller (CCT) training pipeline is extremely arduous and historically has an attrition rate of 70-80%. The primary objective of this study was to identify the physiological, psychological, or demographical characteristics associated with successful progression through the CCT pipeline program. METHODS A battery of physiological measureme...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate basic methodological issues related to the usage of an examination stress protocol in studies of psychoneuroendocrinology. In the present study, 57 undergraduate students served as participants. All subjects provided salivary samples and completed psychological inventories during a low examination stress period and again during a high examinat...

The purpose of this study was to determine if children with warm social contact with their parents (noncaretaking functions) are more responsive to social reinforcement than are children who are deprived of such contact.Data was gathered from interviews with mothers, who described the amount and quality of both parents' contact with the child. The sample of middle class children, 13 girls and 1...

OBJECTIVE The present study examines the effect of having a child infected with HIV on the mother-child relationship. The study also examines how the mother's social axioms, psychological distress, and relationships with her partner affect her parenting of the child infected with HIV. METHOD The study was conducted in Kazakhstan in the wake of a children's HIV epidemic. Mothers of children in...

BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that perceived stress in adolescence is socially patterned, but that this relationship may depend on the measure of socioeconomic status (SES) used. This study examines if social gradients in perceived stress, negative life events, and coping exist amongst Danish adolescents, and, if life events and coping strategies can partly account for an association be...

This empirical study investigated three mechanisms of protection (preventive, compensatory, buffering) for two factors (emotional social support, sense of personal control) in the relationship between exposure to community violence and psychological distress among 947 diverse, older adolescents. Findings indicate that social support and sense of personal control do provide protection; however, ...