Bangladesh is dominated by a small-holder agrarian economy under extreme stress. Production shortfalls, increasing economic polarization, and chronic malnutrition are persistent, but major famine has been diverted in part by significant growth in agriculture. This recent history is open to both Malthusian and Boserupian interpretations-a history we explore here through a test of the induced int...

World chocolate demand is expected to more than double by 2050. Decisions about how to meet this challenge will have profound effects on tropical rainforests and wild species in cocoa-producing countries. Cocoa, "the chocolate tree," is traditionally produced under a diverse and dense canopy of shade trees that provide habitat for a high diversity of organisms. The current trend to reduce or el...

The economic lot scheduling problem has driven considerable amount of research. The problem is NP-hard and recent research is focused on finding heuristic solutions rather than searching for optimal solutions. This paper introduces a heuristic method using a tabu search algorithm to solve the economic lot scheduling problem. Diversification and intensification schemes are employed to improve th...

Technology improvements are appraised by setting up different forage, animal breed/feed/management systems, cost of production, and associated technology adoption versions of the model to provide simulations with and without the smallholder dairy intensification technologies in Kenya agriculture. As a reminder, technologies currently in practice and considered in this assessment included tradit...

Empirical tests of resource-intensification models argue for diminishing foraging efficiency among hunter–gatherers in California over the past 2000 years (Basgall, 1987, Research in Economic Anthropology 9, 21–52; Broughton, 1994a, Journal of Archaeological Science 21, 501–514; 1994b, Journal of Anthropological Anthropology 13, 371–401). The evidence for this long-term trajectory consists of d...

Since clinical experience with biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was reviewed in 2012 after 10 years of use worldwide, additional studies have been published that highlight new aspects, including use in real-world populations. Evidence from 35 new studies confirms and builds upon previous work indicating that BIAsp 30 continues to have pharmacodynamic and ...