Application layer multicasting has emerged as an appealing alternative to network layer multicasting in wireline networks. Here, we examine the suitability of application layer multicast in ad hoc networks. To this effect, we propose a flexible receiver-driven overlay multicast protocol which we call Application Layer Multicast Algorithm (ALMA). ALMA constructs an overlay multicast tree in a dy...

In [Apt et al., 1998] we introduced the imperative programming language Alma-0 that supports declarative programming. In this paper we illustrate the hybrid programming style of Alma-0 by means of various examples that complement those presented in [Apt et al., 1998]. The presented Alma-0 programs illustrate the versatility of the language and show that “don’t know” nondeterminism can be natura...

Telescope bibliographies are integral parts of observing facilities. They are used to associate the published literature with archived observational data, to measure an observatory's scientific output through publication and citation statistics, and to define guidelines for future observing strategies. The ESO and NRAO librarians as well as NAOJ jointly maintain the ALMA (Atacama Large Millimet...

This report describes band 9 beam pattern measurements which were made at NA ALMA front end integration center during the visit of ALMA band 9 group representatives from 2 to 7 of June 2008. The Band 9 cartridge system was mounted within ALMA front end cryostat #2 and the overall system included the cryostat window and filters. Measurement set-up, experiment condition and sequence and results o...

We present a baseline plan of Japanese receiver developments for the Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array (LMSA) and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). Two receiver cartridge layouts for ALMA band 8 (385 – 500 GHz) have been proposed based on a quasi-optical sideband separation. These cartridges will be evaluated in a secondary focal receiver system with the Atacama Submillimeter Telesc...

Detecting and studying objects at the highest redshifts, out to the end of Cosmic Reionization at z>7, is clearly a key science goal of ALMA. ALMA will in principle be able to detect objects in this redshift range both from high-J (J>7) CO transitions and emission from ionized carbon, [CII], which is one of the main cooling lines of the ISM. ALMA will even be able to resolve this emission for i...

The ALMA software is a large collection of modules, which implements the functionality needed for the observatory day-to-day operations. The main ALMA software components include: array/antenna control/correlator, submission/processing of science proposals, telescope calibration and data archiving. The implementation of new features and improvements for every software subsystem must be coordina...

This memo contains a detailed evaluation of the expected performance of the bandpass calibration for ALMA. We evaluate the limitations on the bandpass accuracy due to the imperfect knowledge of the atmospheric transmission. We show that the best bandpass accuracy is obtained when the amplitude calibration is applied in a single-load scheme. The proposed scheme is a variant of the so-called band...

Choices about forms of health care, including primary health care (PHC), are fundamentally political decisions, reflecting global and national power structures and alliances, changing economic conditions, emerging new health problems and health care challenges, and the development of new health technologies. However, these choices also reflect, and are often expressed in terms of, a philosophy ...

metaphor, the doctor was the drug. Much has changed. Following a period of relative affluence after the Second World War, the Wensleydale of 2008 has gone the way of many other traditional farming communities across Europe: squeezed into recession by the forces of global competition and the unequal impact of the Common Agricultural Policy. The once-isolated farming community has had to adapt to...