The renal veins drain the kidney into the inferior vena cava and unite in a variable fashion to form the renal vein. The left renal vein is normally located in front of the aorta. However, the retro-aortic renal vein may course posterior to the aorta due to embryological developmental anomalies. During educational dissection, a rare variation of the left renal vein was found in a 66-year old ma...

the dominant traditional view to designing drainage systems explains drainage goals only in terms of crop yield increase and rhizosphere improvement while ignoring the environmental impacts of drainage projects. nowadays, this view has been changed into a new one in which both environmental and agricultural purposes are taken into consideration. depth and spacing of subsoil drains are important...

During routine dissection of the retroperitoneal region in our Department, we observed rare variation as a retro-aortic left renal vein associated with a partially bifid left ureter in a 56 year old female. The left renal vein, after receiving its tributaries, the left ovarian and the left suprarenal veins, acquired an oblique course to the level of the intervertebral disc between L3-L4, and th...

A 32-year-old woman with severe foot pain came to our emergency department after a busy night duty in hospital followed by an extended sleep period. Physical examination revealed a discrete swelling of the medial aspect of the right foot and a painful plantar arch during digital examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with intravenous gadolinium showed filling defects in the lateral plant...

The arterial supply of the digits of the forelimb of the Bactrian camel is described. The arteries supplying the digits were the palmar metacarpal and common palmar digital arteries III. The palmar metacarpal artery III was the continuation of the deep medial proximal metacarpal branch which was derived from the medial branch of the radial artery. It gave rise to a nutrient branch, medial branc...

A female, 42-year-old, smoking patient with previous history of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, undergoing corticosteroid and plasmapheresis therapy was admitted to the hospital presenting with important pain in the plantar region of her right foot, with difficulty in ambulation starting about one week ago. The patient denied the occurrence of any trauma, previous surgery or recent travel....