We study the stability of topological order against local perturbations by considering the effect of a magnetic field on a spin model--the toric code--which is in a topological phase. The model can be mapped onto a quantum loop gas where the perturbation introduces a bare loop tension. When the loop tension is small, the topological order survives. When it is large, it drives a continuous quant...

introduction: oxygen tension is one of the most important stimuli in stem cell biology. in this study, we investigate the considerable influence of hypoxia on cx43 gene expression as one of the most important gap junction on the surface of mesenchymal stem cells. methods: mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from c57bl/6 mouse bone marrow and cultured in dmem medium under low oxygen tension (1%...

We construct an N = 1 theory with gauge group U(nN) and degree n + 1 tree level superpotential whose matrix model spectral curve develops an Argyres-Douglas singularity. The calculation of the tension of domain walls in the U(nN) theory shows that the standard large N expansion breaks down at the Argyres-Douglas points, with tension that scales as a fractional power of N . Nevertheless, it is p...

While studying the first principle of thermodynamics under relativistic conditions, nobody in the 20th century took into consideration a surface tension; meanwhile this thermodynamic parameter is as important as the pressure p. Both Planck with his disciple and Einstein wrote down the first principle of thermodynamics under relativistic conditions neglecting the surface tension as well. Besides...

BACKGROUND In the bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells and osteoblasts form functional niches for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. This microenvironment can be partially mimicked using in vitro co-culture systems. In this study, we examined the oxygen tension in three distinct compartments in a co-culture system of purified CD34(+) cells and mesenchymal stromal cells with regard to dif...

While studying the first principle of thermodynamics under relativistic conditions, nobody in the 20th century took into consideration a surface tension; meanwhile this thermodynamic parameter is as important as the pressure p. Both Planck with his disciple and Einstein wrote down the first principle of thermodynamics under relativistic conditions neglecting the surface tension as well. Besides...

While studying the first principle of thermodynamics under relativistic conditions, nobody in the 20th century took into consideration a surface tension; meanwhile this thermodynamic parameter is as important as the pressure p. Both Planck with his disciple and Einstein wrote down the first principle of thermodynamics under relativistic conditions neglecting the surface tension as well. Besides...