The properties of sheaths and associated potential structures instabilities cover a broad field which even review cannot everything. Thus, the focus will be on about dozen examples, describe their observations basic physical explanations for effects, while further details are found in references. Due to familiarity focuses mainly authors work but compared referenced related work. topics start w...

We present Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of electrostatic double layers in quasi-perpendicular Earth's bow shock. These have predominantly parallel electric field with amplitudes up to 100 mV/m, spatial widths 50-700 m, and plasma frame speeds within km/s. The potential drop across a single layer is 2-7% the cross-shock de Hoffmann-Teller occurs over scale ten Debye lengths or one tent...