BACKGROUND The 'False Consensus Effect' (FCE), by which people perceive their own actions as relatively common behaviour, might be exploited to gauge whether a person engages in controversial behaviour, such as performance enhancing drug (PED) use. HYPOTHESIS It is assumed that people's own behaviour, owing to the FCE, affects their estimation of the prevalence of that behaviour. It is furthe...

Abstract Purpose Doping remains a significant issue in cycling, leading to potential health, economic or mediatic consequences. The role of sociocognitive variables doping is well identified and the 2 x model achievement goals theory suggests that mastery-approach (MAp) are protective whereas mastery-avoidance (MAv), performance (approach PAp, avoidance PAv) maladaptive. Previous research has s...

Background: Doping is not limited to elite athletes. To reduce doping in sport, it seems important to influence young athletes in primary prevention. Purpose: Based on previous research, the purpose of this paper is to give an overview on doping behaviors in amateur sport, actual prevention campaigns, and to propose a new perspective in doping prevention. Methods: This mini-review is based on a...

the famous theory in the field of textual meaning and interpretation is called “intentionalism” and on that basis, “the intention of the author of a work is in relation to the meaning of the work or its interpretation”. in recent years, a theory has been widely developed in contrast to the (above) famous theory, titled the theory of “anti-intentionalism”, or in its extreme form, the theory of “...

Evidence associating doping behavior with moral disengagement (MD) has accumulated over recent years. However, to date, research examining links between MD and doping has not considered key theoretically grounded influences and outcomes of MD. As such, there is a need for quantitative research in relevant populations that purposefully examines the explanatory pathways through which MD is though...

metal oxides play a very important role in many areas of chemistry, physics and materials science.the metal elements are able to form a large diversity of oxide compounds. in this investigation, wesynthesis sno2 and c,n,s-tridoped sno2 nanoparticles by precipitation method. the synthesizedsno2 and c,n,s-tridoped sno2 nanoparticles were characterized by instrumental analysis methods,such as x-ra...

In 2009, the Japan Anti-Doping Agency (JADA) established the "Sports Pharmacist Accreditation Program" to prevent doping in sports. Since then, anti-doping activities in Japan have been attracting attention. In this study, we investigated research about the current status of doping from 2007 to 2014 in Japan to make anti-doping activities more concrete, and we also discussed future anti-doping ...