We present a mathematically precise formulation of total linkage disequilibrium between multiple loci as the deviation from probabilistic independence and provide explicit formulas for all higher-order terms of linkage disequilibrium, thereby combining J. Dausset et al.'s 1978 definition of linkage disequilibrium with H. Geiringer's 1944 approach. We recursively decompose higher-order linkage d...

background: prediction of the absorbed dose in irradiated volume plays an important role in the outcome of radiotherapy. application of small fields for radiotherapy of thorax makes the dose calculation process inaccurate due to the existence of electronic disequilibrium and intrinsic deficiencies in dose calculation algorithms. to study the lung absorbed dose in radiotherapy with small fields,...

HERE is a considerable literature on the occurrence of gametic disequilibrium T i n two locus system S. (See KIMURA 1956: LEWONTIN and KOJIMA 1960; KOJIMA and KELLEHER 1961; BODMER and PARSONS 1962; LEWONTIN 1964; KOJIMA 1965). A measure of gametic disequilibrium which has been frequently used is D > 0, coupling disequilibrium D = 0, gametic equilibrium D < 0, repulsion disequilibrium DLj = goo...

Analytic solutions are obtained for the equilibria of a simple two-locus, heterotic selection model with mixed selfing and random outcrossing. Two general phenomena are possible, depending upon the viabilities and the degree of selfing: (1) Negative disequilibrium potential, under which only gametic disequilibrium is possible; and (2) positive disequilibrium potential, which can result in perma...

High rates of climate change are currently exceeding many plant species' capacity to keep up with climate, leading mismatches between climatic conditions and preferences the species present in a community. This disequilibrium community composition could diminish, however, when critical thresholds exceeded, due population declines or losses among more mismatched species. Here, we assessed effect...

The frequently reported amino acid covariation of the highly polymorphic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exterior envelope glycoprotein V3 region has been assumed to reflect fitness epistasis between residues. However, nonrandom association of amino acids, or linkage disequilibrium, has many possible causes, including population subdivision. If the amino acids at a set of sequence s...