Abstract The paper aims at a retrospective analysis of the evolution NATO in context new security challenges that have arisen, especially eastern and northeastern areas Europe, factors substantially contributed to strategic orientation political-military organization, acting both from within, as well without. work follows stages events had major impact on positioning Alliance one direction or a...

We explore the behavior of losers of promotion tournaments after the tournament is concluded. We do so through the use of an experiment in which we vary the design of the promotion tournament to determine how tournament design affects post tournament effort. We provide a theoretical model demonstrating two possible effects from the tournaments which are strategic sabotage and the possibility th...

This note characterizes the optimal base for commodity taxation in the presence of administrative fixed costs varying across goods. For low tax rates, the optimal base comprises all commodities whose discouragement index is greater than the ratio of their administrative costs to the tax they yield. JEL classification numbers: H21. Mots-clés : Taxation indirecte, TVA, assiette fiscale, coûts de ...

The current work aims to investigate the M/M/2 heterogeneous server retrial queueing system with breakdown and repair, considering discouragement of customers. An arriving customer will enter service facility check for availability servers. On finding either servers free, avail at available server. If both are busy upon arrival, then into orbit or leave without joining facility. customers await...