background and objectives: tetanus and diphtheria are vaccine-preventable, infectious diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. immunization by the diphtheria and tetanus toxoid (dt) has been applied in iran for almost 50 years. however, there are very few data about the rate of immunity to these diseases in the adult population. the humoral immunity to tetanus and diphtheria among blo...

  During last two decades, polysaccharides such as alginate (Alg) alone and in combination with other biopolymers are widely used in vaccine and drug delivery systems. The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential utility of microparticles made of alginate (Alg) as new vehicles for improving nasal vaccine delivery. For this purpose, diphtheria toxoid (DT) was chosen as a model an...

Several diphtheria toxoid preparations were fractionated by salting out with ammonium sulphate at various concentrations into several fractions possessing evidently different immunizing potency. The fractions of lower solubility were proved to possess less potency than those of higher solubility when the comparison was performed at the same Lf dose6). This difference between the potency of thes...

when pooled immunoglobulin g (igg) from patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) was used to probe a human fetal spinal cord λgt 11 cdna library, the igg was found to bind to a predicted epitope of human mitochondrial nd4 sequence. to investigate the involvement of the nd4 as an autoantigen in ms, we determined the presence of specific antibody in the serum of ms patients and serum samples of some...

On 1 January 1996, diphtheria-tetanus revaccination at the age of 5 years was implemented in the Danish Childhood Vaccination Programme. Initially, a combined DT vaccine containing 25 Lf diphtheria toxoid was used. Due to a high frequency of spontaneously reported adverse reactions, however, concerns were raised that the diphtheria dose was too high, and it was reduced to 6.25 Lf. This survey p...

The immunogenicity and protectivity of two different toxoid vaccines were compared in mice. In one formulation, toxoids (diphtheria or tetanus) were adsorbed to alumoxid, whereas in the other formulation the toxoids were crosslinked to immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIVs). A preimmunization with influenza antigens is necessary for a good anti-toxoid antibody response whe...

Thoracic duct cells obtained from normal (unimmunized) donors restored the primary hemolysin response of lethally irradiated or neonatally thymectomized rats to sheep red blood cells. Synergy between thoracic duct cells and bone-marrow cells was demonstrated in the irradiated hosts. However, thoracic duct cells did not restore the primary antibody response of irradiated rats challenged with dip...

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are amending previous recommendations and making additional recommendations for the use of tetanus toxoid, reduced-content diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap). Review of the results from clinical trials and other studies has revealed no excess reactogenicity when Tdap is given within a sh...