in many statistical systems, a type of survey called “sampling over time” is common, which repeats continuously over time. one method of sampling over time is panel survey. panel survey is a method in which a “fixed sample” is contacted during different waves. the most important challenge in a panel survey is debility in providing response from some sample units and having non-response that usu...

Not the Opium of the People: Income and Secularization in a Panel of Prussian Counties The interplay between religion and the economy has occupied social scientists for long. We construct a unique panel of income and Protestant church attendance for six waves of up to 175 Prussian counties spanning 1886-1911. The data reveal a marked decline in church attendance coinciding with increasing incom...

this paper investigates the impacts of economic and financial developments on environmental pollution for 6 opec countries using panel cointegration and panel long-run estimator (dols) over the period 1980–2008.  the results shows that both economic and financial development have significant effect on the environmental quality in selected opec economies. the findings not support the existence o...

This study examined the connection between liquidity, capital structure, and financial sustainability of 28 quoted non-financial establishments in Ghana. Panel data for period from 2008 to 2019 was used analysis. In study, liquidity proxied by current ratio, while debt ratio as a surrogate structure. Additionally, return on equity (ROE) employed measure sustainability. indicator because its fle...

The estimation of a linear equation from panel data with measurement errors is considered. The equation is estimated (I) by methods operating on the equation in differenced period means, and (II) by Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) procedures using (a) the equation in differences with instruments in levels and (b) the equation in levels with instruments in differences. Both difference transf...

We consider semiparametric fractional exponential (FEXP) estimators of the memory parameter for a potentially nonstationary linear long-memory time series with smooth additive trend. We use differencing to annihilate the trend, followed by tapering to handle the potential non-invertibility of the differenced series. We propose a method of pooling the tapered periodogram which leads to more effi...

This paper discusses likelihood-based estimation of panel data models with individualspecific effects and both lagged dependent variable regressors and additional predetermined explanatory variables. The resulting new estimator, labeled as sub-system LIML (ssLIML), is asymptotically equivalent to standard panel GMM as N →∞ for fixed T , but tends to present smaller biases in finite samples as i...

The atmospheric delay is the main error source for medium-range relative GPS positioning, and therefore is the main challenge for Network-RTK systems. The double-differenced tropospheric and ionospheric delays are decomposed from the double differenced ionosphere-free and geometry-free combinations. However, for a Network-RTK system, the atmospheric delays are required to be expressed as single...