Six adult female albino rats were subjected to operations known to increase the frequency of wheel-running. Operations included limited access to wheel, food deprivation, and protracted maintenance on a 24-hr feeding schedule. A distributional analysis of response duration, burst duration, and inter-burst interval showed that the increased frequency in all cases arose mainly from a shortening o...

Background:  Maternal sleep deprivation is known to reduce neurogenesis in the hippocampus during pregnancy. Also, it damages and impairs cognitive functions such as learning and memory in the neonates.  Objectives: Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) extract can play an important role in the treatment of cognitive impairments by inhibiting oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the r...

introduction: barrel cortex of rats is a part of somatosensory cortex, which receives information from facial whiskers. vibrisectomy by sensory deprivation leads to some changes in the barrel cortex, which have been known as experience dependent plasticity. on the other hand, norepinephrine (ne) and locus coeruleus, which is the main source of ne, influenced response properties of cortical barr...

Religious rituals that are painful or highly stressful are hypothesized to be costly signs of commitment essential for the evolution of complex society. Yet few studies have investigated how such extreme ritual practices were culturally transmitted in past societies. Here, we report the first study to analyze temporal and spatial variation in bloodletting rituals recorded in Classic Maya (ca. 2...

Animals can insure themselves against the risk of starvation associated with unpredictable food availability by storing energy reserves or gathering information about alternative food sources. The former strategy carries costs in terms of mass-dependent predation risk, while the latter trades off against foraging for food; both trade-offs may be influenced by an individual's developmental histo...

because of on-call responsibilities, many medical residents are subjected to chronic partial sleep deprivation, a form of sleep restriction whereby individuals have chronic patterns of insufficient sleep. it is unclear whether deterioration in cognitive processing skills due to chronic partial sleep deprivation among medical residents would influence educational exposure or patient safety.twent...

Background and Aims: It is well-recognized that endogenous opioidergic system plays an important role in pain sensitivity, pain perception, and response to some stressing situations. The present study examined the probable role of endogenous opioidergic system in effects of food deprivation on formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in male and female rats. Methods: To make short-term food d...

The compensatory growth, proximate composition and amino acid contents changes of young yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco R.) (1.63-1.69 g) had been investigated using a 45-day cyclic feed deprivation and re-feeding experiment. The control group (S0) was fed daily with live tubificid worms (Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri), while the S1/4, S1/2, and S1/1 groups cyclically experienced one-day of ...