due to the increasing development in various branches of the automotive industry, the need for a comfort climate in the cabin is more sensible. however, to achieve climate comfort, hvac system consumes a considerable amount of engine power. hence, improving hvac system performance leads to more energy saving of the vehicle which is a critical factor for nowadays automotive. besides, one crucial...

Defrosting in supermarket refrigeration systems is normally controlled by a preset time cycle with most display cabinets timed to defrost every 6 hours. It is widely acknowledged that timed defrost may cause a number of unnecessary defrost cycles and this reduces the energy efficiency of refrigeration systems as well as the accuracy of temperature control of the cases. This paper investigates t...

To date, frozen storage of YAC libraries have relied on the administration of glycerol to the medium subsequent to cell growth. By adding Hogness Freezing Medium prior to inoculation, cultures can be frozen directly after cell growth, with no adverse effect on the stability of the YAC DNA or on the viability of the cells even after repeated freezing and defrosting. Although a relatively simple ...

Fresh food and specially meat require to be maintained at an accurate temperature level for good conservation conditions. These accurate levels require small air temperature tolerances. Open-type display cases show very high temperature differences, and even the European standard EN 441 accepts large temperature intervals associated with the defrosting process and what is known of the actual te...

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and tissue cysts are largely used for developing diagnostic assays, vaccines and in drug research as well as biochemical and molecular structure studies. Continuous passaging of tachyzoites or tissue cysts in animal models encounter ethical and economical problems and it is a time consuming procedure. Cryopreservation of tachyzoites and tissue cysts and revitalizat...

This paper develops a model for hot-air frying of frozen pre-fried french fries. A dynamic three-compartment including heat and vapour transfer was developed. The takes into account four major stages: defrosting, warm-up, convective drying boiling drying. X-ray microtomographic observations led to the assumption compartmental structure: central compartment (#1) with high water content, peripher...