In order to incorporate the effect of gravity waves (GWs) on the atmospheric circulation most global circulation models (GCMs) employ gravity wave parameterization schemes. To date, GW parameterization schemes in GCMs are used without experimental validation of the set of global parameters assumed for the GW launch spectrum. This paper focuses on the Warner and McIntyre GW parameterization sche...

C onservationists must make hard choices about where to invest limited resources for the protection of biological diversity. Numerous prioritization schemes have identified places where biodiversity is especially rich or risks are especially urgent (1). Application of return on investment (ROI) thinking promises to make conservation investments much more efficient by explicitly incorporating ec...

Current snowmelt parameterisation schemes are largely untested in warmer maritime snowfields, where physical snow properties can differ substantially from the more common colder snow environments. Physical properties such as snow density influence the thermal properties of snow layers and are likely to be important for snowmelt rates. Existing methods for incorporating physical snow properties ...

P2P networks suffer from the free-riding problem, wherein users connect to the network only to use the resources, but do not donate any resources themselves. A popular approach to overcome this problem is to reward peers who share their resources, through payments. This has given a fresh lease of life to micropayments schemes, which are now being used in such networks. P2P Micropayment schemes ...

Traceback schemes have been proposed to trace the sources of attacks that usually hide by spoofing their IP addresses. Among these methods, schemes using packet logging can achieve single-packet traceback. But packet logging demands high storage on routers and therefore makes IP traceback impractical. For lower storage requirement, packet logging and packet marking are fused to make hybrid sing...

This article advances a descriptive model of the relationship between music played percussively and fundamental locomotor movement patterns that originate in the vertebrate phylum, including human motor development. The model incorporates four categories of developmental movement patterns, borrowed from classificatory schemes well established in the fields of movement education, training, and a...