uring the reign of the fourth Qajar king, Naser-ad-Din Shah (who reigned from 1848–1896), the Chief Minister, Amir Kabir, was involved in modernization of Iran. He founded the first modern higher educational institute in Iran the so called “Dar al-Fonun” (House of Techniques) in 1851. One of the subjects taught there was medicine; now, it is considered a major step in promulgation of modern med...

the safavid era (1501–1736 ad) was the threshold of spreading security and welfare in the iranian society. the era provided the chance for the talented to set steps for advancement. one of the characters in the history of persian medicine who achieved successes in the shadow of the existing peace and security during the safavid empire was hakim imad al-din mahmud shirazi . while he was minister...

explicits been given they would probably have helped to identify some MSS with unknown authors. K. iKhawi,s al-ashya' (Properties of Things), for which title a translation is given as A Book about the Peculiarities of the Things (p. 6, n. 76), could be a copy of al-Razi's book extant only in a few known manuscripts: Dar al-Kutub Suggestions could be made with regard to translations of titles, s...

This study aims to: 1) find out the methods used in learning Nahwu and Sharaf Sciences at Darularafah Raya Islamic Boarding School, 2) supporting inhibiting factors 3) Efforts made to overcome obstacles of School. research is a qualitative research. In this study, data collection techniques are; observation, interview documentation. The results showed that: applied by School teaching process we...

A strong decline is apparent in annual District Average Rainfall (DAR) for District 71, located in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales (Fig. 1). There has been some concern that this decline of about 200 mm, i.e. about 20 per cent, since 1913 could be the result of human interference with the environment, and that a continuing decline in rainfall could threaten ecosystems and irrigation. The...