Chloroplast DNA replication in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is initiated by the formation of a displacement loop (D-loop) at a specific site. One D-loop site with its flanking sequence was cloned in recombinant plasmids SC3-1 and R-13. The sequence of the chloroplast DNA insert in SC3-1, which includes the 0.42-kilobase (kb) D-loop region, as well as 0.2 kb to the 5' end and 0.43 kb to the 3' end ...

BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children and represents approximately 25% of cancer diagnoses among those younger than 15 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study investigated alterations in the displacement loop (d-loop) region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as a risk factor and diagnostic biomarker for early detection and diagnosis of...

In this paper, first a new algorithm for pole assignment of closed-loop multi-variable controllable systems in a prescribed region of the z-plane is presented. Then, robust state feedback controllers are designed by implementing a neural fuzzy system for the placement of closed-loop poles of a controllable system in a prescribed region in the left-hand side of z-plane. A new method based on the...

We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA D-loop regions from two cetacean species and compared these with the published D-loop sequences of several other mammalian species, including one other cetacean. Nucleotide substitution rates, DNA sequence simplicity, possible open reading frames (ORFs), and potential RNA secondary structure were investigated. The substitution rate is an order of magnitude low...

The majority of mitochondrial DNA replication events are terminated prematurely. The nascent DNA remains stably associated with the template, forming a triple-stranded displacement loop (D-loop) structure. However, the function of the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome remains poorly understood. Using a comparative genomics approach we here identify two closely related 15 nt sequence mot...

To investigate the role of ROS in the helicobacter pylori (Hp) induced mtDNA mutations, AGS cells were treated by extracts of Hp11638 or Hp11638M. The ROS levels, cytochrome C reductions, and intracellular ATP levels were measured. The coding region and the D-Loop region were amplified and sequenced. Results showed the ROS levels, cytochrome C reduction and mtDNA mutations were markedly increas...