in the timurid period, the emirs were mostly turkish-mongol and the viziers were iranian. the non-distinction between the civil and military affairs and the power and authority of the emirs and the attempts of the iranian bureaucrats in maintaining their own interests, had prepared the ground for the permanent conflict and competition between them. the long vizierate period of khawja qiyāth al-...

By the thirteenth century, philosophy, politics and occult science had become deeply entangled in Persianate Islamic world. Two of greatest luminaries this intellectual milieu were Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d.1210) Shihāb Yaḥyā Ibn Ḥabash Amīrak al-Suhrawardī (d.1191/2), who at one point fellow students philosophy under a certain Majd al-Jīlī Marāgha northeastern Iran. Both subsequently sought roya...

Bilginin tanımı problemi kelâm ve felsefe geleneklerinde tartışılmış, özel-likle mantık tanım teorisinin disiplinine dâhil olması ile birlikte müte-kaddimûn döneminde ortaya konan tarifler sonraki dönem düşünürler tara-fından tenkit edilmiştir. Temelde bilginin zarûrî mi yoksa kesbî olduğu sorunu etrafında şekillenen bu tartışmaya olan Şemseddin es-Semerkandî (ö. 722/1322), gerek İbn Sînâ’nın e...