1. Crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were subjected to 2h progressive hypoxia followed by up to 6 h anoxia in closed respirometers at 15 °C. 2. The concentrations of glycogen, glucose, phosphoryl creatine, alanine, succinate, lactate, ethanol and ammonia were determined in whole Crucian carp following exposure to both hypoxia and anoxia. 3. Ethanol and l...

It is well known that aluminium is the principle toxicant killing fish in acidified freshwater systems, and it has been shown that crucian carp (Carassius carassius) can survive exposures to aqueous aluminium levels toxic to most other freshwater fish species. The crucian carp has a remarkable ability to survive anoxic conditions, and the aim of the present study was to reveal if the tolerance ...

In the brain, oxygen is required for both the synthesis and the degradation of monoamine transmitters, so monoaminergic systems can be expected to be strongly affected by anoxia. However, crucian carp {Carassius carassius L.) may survive anoxia for many days or even weeks. In the present study, crucian carp were exposed to anoxia for 22, 76, and 160 h at 8°C. All survived and were found to excr...

The intestinal microbiota of fi sh are the major cause for spoilage. To elucidate the bacterial and fungal community of guts, the bacterial and fungal taxa in foreguts and hindguts of crucian carp (Carassius aumtus) were analyzed by Illumina-based sequencing. Results suggested that the foreguts contained more diverse bacteria than those in hindguts; nevertheless, the hindguts contained more div...

The crucian carp, Carassius carassius, survives months without oxygen. During anoxia it needs to keep energy expenditure low, particularly in the brain, with its high rate of ATP use related to neuronal activity. This could be accomplished by reducing neuronal excitability through altered expression of genes involved in excitatory neurotransmission. Through cloning and the use of a recently dev...

THE PAPER BY ELLEFSEN ET AL. (3) is a fascinating large-scale analysis of genes associated with GABA neurotransmission in an extremely important model of anoxia tolerance, the crucian carp, Carassius carassius. Under conditions of anoxia the crucian carp brain increases its extracellular GABA levels in conjunction with elevating GABA activity. In the mammalian brain GABA is known to play an inh...

A patch-clamp analysis of L-type Ca2+ current in ventricular myocytes of cold- and warm-acclimated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) hearts was performed. Trout were acclimated at 4 and 17 degrees C and carp at 4 and 24 degrees C for a minimum of 4 weeks. Ventricular myocytes were isolated by enzymatic dissociation using collagenase and trypsin. Marked s...

The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of acute anoxia on contractile and electrical activity in the heart of an anoxia-tolerant fish species, the crucian carp ( Carassius carassius L.). Responses of atrial and ventricular tissue or isolated cells to NaCN, adenosine, and carbachol were determined to examine the effects of anoxia on cardiac performance and to clarify the pos...

We investigated whether two kinases critical for survival during periods of energy deficiency in anoxia-intolerant mammalian species, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), and protein kinase B (AKT), are equally important for hypoxic/anoxic survival in the extremely anoxia-tolerant crucian carp (Carassius carassius). We report that phosphorylation of AMPK and AKT in heart and brain showed small changes ...

The olfactory tract in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is divided into three distinct bundles: the lateral tract (LOT) and the lateral (lMOT) and medial (mMOT) bundles of the medial tract. The LOT has been shown to mediate information associated with feeding behavior, whereas the mMOT mediates information associated with alarm response. The role of the medial olfactory tract (lMOT and mMOT) ...