Although various crash modification factors (CMFs) have been calculated and introduced in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) (AASHTO, 2010), still there are critical limitations that are required to be investigated. First, the HSM provides various CMFs for single treatments, but not CMFs for multiple treatments to roadway segments. The HSM suggests that CMFs are multiplied to estimate the combined...

1 This study assesses the safety effectiveness of widening shoulder widths by developing crash 2 modification factors (CMFs) and crash modification functions (CMFunctions). This study first 3 evaluates the CMFs for widening shoulder widths on rural multilane roadways using the 4 observational before-after with the empirical Bayes (EB) method to check the overall safety effects. 5 Secondly, the ...

OBJECTIVES Motor vehicle crash fatality rates have been consistently higher in rural areas than in urban areas. However, the explanations for these differences are less clear. In this study the decomposition method was used to explore the factors associated with increased fatal crash involvement rates in rural communities. DESIGN Using national databases, the fatal crash incidence density was...

Single vehicle crashes contribute to a significant amount of fatalities in the United States. At the same time, fatality crash involvement rates of young and older drivers are well above the average and both groups are identified as critical groups when it comes to highway safety. Therefore, the study described in this paper developed separate models to predict crash severity of single vehicle ...

Crash modification factors (CMFs) for several roadway attributes are based on cross-sectional regression models, in the main because of lack data preferred observational before-after study. In developing these little attention has been paid to those functional forms that reflect reality CMFs should not be single-valued, as most available ones are, but vary with application circumstance. Using a...

Traffic and environmental conditions (e.g., weather conditions), which frequently change with time, have a significant impact on crash occurrence. Traditional crash frequency models with large temporal scales and aggregated variables are not sufficient to capture the time-varying nature of driving environmental factors, causing significant loss of critical information on crash frequency modelin...

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The application of behavior analysis to reduce injuries and deaths resulting from motor vehide crashes is not a new idea. Behavior analysis has been used with much success to promote vehide safety belt use (e.g., Geller, 1988; Streff& Geller, 1986), and increasing vehide safety belt use has been shown to reduce dramatically the trauma inflicted on crash-involved vehide occupants (Streff, Wagena...

market crash is a phenomenon which occurs in stock markets occasionally and leads to loss of the investors’ wealth and assets in a relatively short period of time. therefore, attempts for prediction of this phenomenon are of much importance for the investors, financial institutions and government. to this date, numerous and varied studies have been carried out for predicting and modeling  stock...